Proteinuria in the transplanted patient.

icity versus cytoprotection—how, why, when and where? Nitric and/or modulating factors are involved, though perOxide: Biology and Chemistry 1997; 1: 107–120 haps only in a minority of cases. 6. Amore A, Cirina P, Peruzzi L, Gianoglio B, Coppo R. Acetate The simple procedure of rinsing with sodium bicarintolerance is mediated by enhanced synthesis of nitric oxide by bonate—containing solutions may be useful to mitigendothelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 9: 1431–1436 7. Renaux JL, Thomas M, Crost T, Loughraieb N, Vantard G. ate the activation of mediators likely to be involved Activation of the kallikrein–kinin system in haemodialysis: role in HSRs. of membrane electronegativity, blood dilution and pH. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 1097–1103 8. Coppo R, Amore A, Cirina P et al. Bradykinin and NO generation by dialysis membranes can be blunted by alkaline References rinsing solutions. Kidney Int 2000; in press 9. Amore A, Bonaudo R, Gianoglio B, Coppo R. Enhanced 1. Bright RA, Torrence ME, Daley WR, McClellan WM. production of nitric oxide by blood–dialysis membrane interPreliminary survey of the occurrence of anaphylactoid reactions actions. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995; 6: 1278–1283 during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 799–800 10. Amore A, Coppo R. Nitric oxide production with polymethyl 2. Villaroel F. Incidence of hypersensitivity reactions in haemodiamethacrylate. C. Ronco (ed). Polymethyl methacrylate: A flexlysis. Artif Organs 1984; 8: 278–280 ible membrane for a tailored dialysis. Contrib Nephrol 1998; 3. Verresen L, Waer M, Vanrenterghem Y, Michielsen P. 125: 182–196 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and anaphylactoid 11. Hakim RM, Breillat J, Lazarus M, Port FK, Eknoyan G. reactions to high flux membrane dialysis. Lancet 1990; 336: Complement activation and hypersensitivity reactions to dialysis 1360–1362 membrane. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 878–882 4. Verresen L, Fink E, Lemke HD, Vanrenterghem Y. Bradykinin 12. Amore A, Guarnieri G, Pertosa G, Atti M, Schena FP, Coppo R. is a mediator of anaphylactoid reactions during haemodialysis Use of alkaline rinsing solution to prevent hypersensitivity with AN69 membranes. Kidney Int 1994; 45: 1497–1503 reactions during hemodialysis: data from a multicentre retrospective analysis. J Nephrol 1999; 12: 383–389 5. Kroenke KD, Fehesel K, Kolb-Bachofen. Nitric oxide: cytotox-